Weeks had passed I may not gather many information from survey but prediction could be true.
As the results shown below:

This survey concluded that social media the best option because today's modern technology and many social media platforms. Public transport and posters are the second just behind social media. In my country social media is popular, but they have posters but very rare. My platform will be posters, public transports, billboards, and flyover bridge because they are very rare especially public transport posters because they never have one.

Next is about people in my country aware about the pollution and they are aware about them. But do they cooperate to prevent them? not so much. What they think about how many pollution that present in my country are some said water pollution and air pollution. There are a few said noise pollution because so many horns are honking from vehicles and noisy exhausts. What they think about the pollution is bad but sometimes don't care.

My survey link:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeYhMXXi3DZ3IC1StJn2B3GgIpwqNNL-8xuvTEoSHUGxKOpOA/viewform

My topic is Reviving Cikapundung River, for now the survey has just getting responds.

Firstly, I need to know how to spread issues through different media and print. Since my hometown has less posters posted, no bus advertisements, billboards and flyovers have a lot. So I am trying to use the least or never been seen by the citizens of Bandung.

So far only 4 have answered and i'll look forward to get more responses.

Last week I did not consult to the lecturer because since my graduation project is way off course, so I have to consult to the lecturers who in charge of graduation project to consult and make my work not off course. Feedback from the lecturers and markers that I need to catch up. About my work I have to rethink on what the title, objectives, target audiences, and outcomes.

Formative, Target Audience Profiling, Iterative Design, Content Analysis

ITERATIVE DESIGN

Iterative design is a design methodology based on a cyclic process of prototyping, testing, analyzing, and refining a product or process. Based on the results of testing the most recent iteration of a design, changes and refinements are made. This process is intended to ultimately improve the quality and functionality of a design. In iterative design, interaction with the designed system is used as a form of research for informing and evolving a project, as successive versions, or iterations of a design are implemented.
My project will have posters and 3D perhaps with few testings and research.

CONTENT ANALYSIS

Content analysis is a quantitative method so the results of content analysis are numbers and percentages. The main purpose of content analysis is to evaluate and improve its programming. All of them are trying to achieve more purpose. My graduation project will use this method to help with posters to promote awareness to target the citizens

TARGET AUDIENCE PROFILING

It's letting designer know better of what their target audience usually do and what do they like in details. Since my graduation project is about Saving Lives: Bandung's Water Pollution, and my target audience would be the citizens who live in Citarum River. This method will make me have better understanding of them as my case study, to learn more about their lifestyle, and to know what happened there and to prevent and create awareness.

FORMATIVE

So it is basically gathering information and insights of your audience needs and characteristics and obtaining this information can help shape and enhance your final outcome to determine whether it will work in terms of practical uses.

My topic for my Graduation Project is about Saving Lives: Bandung's Water Pollution, I would like to gather as many information and research about there to support what my project is about..

With this method, I am able to gather information about the problems the citizen are facing there. This helps me know how many people are there are suffering and understanding my topic. I can also gain the solutions on how to prevent people from throwing waste to river.

User-Testing, Iterative Design & Comparisons

User-Testing

What is it?

A technique used to help discover problems in your design. Users are asked to complete a task, while being observed by researchers to see where they face problem and confuse. The method uses on measuring human-made product's capacity to meet its intended purpose. The objective is to identify any usability problems, collective qualitative and quantitative data and determine the participant's satisfaction with product. To execute an effective user-testing, first need to develop a solid test plan, recruit participants, analyze and report findings.

To Conduct User-Testing

1. Create a schedule
2. Assemble teams and establish roles
3. Define the scope of the research
4. Create a discussion
5. Recruit potential or existing users
6. Conduct user group testing and record data
7. Analyze and report findings

Advantages

• Feedback direct from the target audience to focus the project team
• Internal debates can be solved
• issues and potential problems are highlighted

The advantages effect in Business

• Increases the likelihood of usage and repeat usage
• Minimizes the risk of failing
• Users are better able to reach their goals

Disadvantages

• Not 100% representative of real life scenario
• Mainly qualitative
• Requires time, money and effort
• Only find problems related to the task
• Does not provide in-depth information about the users and context.

Why so important?

Owner want people to use the product at the end of the day and from a business perspective, a useful product will reap more financial benefits that products that do not matter at all.

From that, they are able to link the utility aspect to the user experience of an application. The goal is not just about provide a quick solution, they want to make users love your solution. 

Doing user tests will also help identify issues early on. It ensures a more promising result and makes all resources well worth its spend.

Conclusion

It can be used in a variety of ways during your project lifecycle. Despite not be able imitate real life usage, it is still the best method of ensuring your website supports users in achieving the goals quickly and easily. It is essential because it clearly illustrates the way the users are interacting with the product. 

Iterative Design

What is it?

A cyclical process of decision making based upon constraint satisfaction that is modified by personal or corporate beliefs and biases.

It comes in 3 cycles:

1. Constraint analysis
2. Method analysis
3. Comparing Personal assumptions/opinions

How to Execute?

To use the First Cycle, firstly identify the task and analyse the activity system of the subject. Evaluate What kind of theory is it based on. (theoretically?). Then question what the nature of this theory is, what the social and contextual relationship relationships among the collaborators is, what their goals and intention of those activities are, identify and further understand the culture behind it, and then identify any contradictions in the subject.

To do the Second Cycle, first examine the method used whether it is factual/conceptual/procedural/metacognitive knowledge. Then orient the curriculum based on the think that the RP’s need to do and will it be question based. Finally, present design assumptions and decisions.

To execute the Third Cycle, first need to present the assumptions and decision of the entire study. Through presenting, there may or may not be any constraint on the design that was proposed. Believers and environment factors may also affect the outcome.

*each constraint mention will contradict the previously identified problem.

Complicated, right?

Advantages

• Allows for rapid resolution of misunderstandings within the project team and established clarity early in the development lifecycle. 
• Gives the development team some certainty that their efforts are being focused on adding value for users.
• Brings out user feedback to ensure that system requirements meet user needs.
• Provides regular testing which can provide a strong desired performance framework for acceptance testing.
• Allows for easy incorporation of “lessons learned” in the final product.

Disadvantages

• Not suitable for smaller projects. 
• More management attention is required. 
• Highly skilled resources are essential for risk analysis. 
• Although cost of change is lesser - not very suitable for changing requirements. 
• More resources may be necessary.
• End of project might not be known risk.

Conclusion

It is a refinement process that allows the designer to improve on their design. They use a cycle of development & user-feedback, allowing different views and opinions, to help create a more a better product overall.

Comparisons

User Testing

Types

Comparative - Used to compare the usability of one website with another

Explorative - Establish what content and functionality a new product should include to meet the needs of its users.

Evaluation - This usability test introduces users to the new design to ensure it is intuitive to use and provides a positive user experience.

 

Uses

• Usability testing should be an iterative practice
• Completed several times during the design and development life-cycle 
• End result is an improved product and a better understanding of the users that we’re designing for 
• To ensure that the product is usable for your user

Iterative Designs

Uses

• Inconsistencies among requirements, designs, and implementations are detected early.
• It enables and encourages user feedback, so as to elicit the system's real requirements.
• Serious misunderstandings are made evident early in the lifecycle, when it's possible to react to them.
• A way of confronting unpredictable user needs and behaviors.

Comparisons

User Testing

• Goal to improve usability of a product
• Participants represent real users
• Participants do real tasks
• You observe and record what participants do and day
• You analyze the data, diagnose the real problems, and recommend changes to fix those problems

Strengths

• Direct feedback from the target audience
• Internal debates can be resolved
• Issues and potential problems are highlighted before the product is launched
• Increases the likelihood of usage and repeat usage
• Minimizes the risk of the product failing
• Users are better able to reach their goals

Weakness

• Testing is not 100% representative of the real life scenario
• Mainly qualitative

Iterative Designs

• Ensure the process/product optimum potential.
• A focus group of participants.
• Participants are not associated to the Product to produce unbiased opinion.
• Goes through a series of standardized process.
• Pin-point the problems diagnosed and try to solve it immediately for the next process testing.

Strengths

• Major problems are diagnosed in the early stages of the creation of the product.
• Enables solid feedback for requirements through a basic user view-point.
• Forces the development team to focus on the critical issues immediately.
• Workload for the process are spread out.
• Provides evidences of failing methods.

Weakness

• The Process for testing is rigid and fixed.
• Process cost may be high due to the repetition of the process.
• Architectural  and execution issue are not included during the process of testing.

In practical, user testings requires an audience to test the product and constantly updating while iterative designs able to do it on the company’s own end, does not have as big an outreach as user testing and requires constant pain-staking process.

Conclusion

User testing is still the best method of ensuring your product supports users in achieving their goals quickly and easily. While iterative design takes place throughout your whole process but guarantees you a more refined outcome.

The Qualitative Research Interview, Focus Groups and Comparison

Qualitative Research Interview

Qualitative interviews makes use of a variety of approaches, for more diversified information. The interviews are the most familiar strategies for collecting qualitative data.

The Purpose of using it is to focusing on in-depth personal interviews, and individuals, review common qualitative interview methods and reserving the rights for individuals participating in these interviews.

There are 3 methods. Interviews can be:

1. Unstructured
   1. Can be referred to as 'depth' or 'in depth' interviews
   2. They have very little structure at all
   3. The interviewer may just go with the aim of discussing a limited number of topics, sometimes as few as just one or two
   4. The interviewer may frame the interview questions based on the interviewee and his/her previous response
   5. This allows the discussion to cover areas in great detail
   6. They involve the researcher wanting to know or find out more about a specific topic without there being a structure or a preconceived plan or expectation as to how they will deal with the topic
2. Semi structured
   1. Semi structured interviews are sometimes also called focused interviews
   2. A series of open ended questions based on the topic areas the researcher wants to cover
   3. A series of broad questions to ask and may have some prompts to help the interviewee
   4. 'The open ended nature of the question defines the topic under investigation but provides opportunities for both interviewer and interviewee to discuss some topics in more detail'
   5. Semi structured interviews allow the researcher to promt or encourage the interviewee if they are looking for more information or find what they are saying interesting
   6. This method gives the researcher the freedom to probe the interviewee to elaborate or to follow a new line of inquiry introduced by what the interviewee is saying
   7. Work best when the interviewed has a number of areas he/she wants to be sure to be addressing
3. Structured
1. The interviewed asks the respondent the same questions in the same way
2. A tightly structured schedule is used
3. The questions may be phrased in order that a limited range of responses may be given - i.e. 'Do you rate our services as very good, good or poor'
4. A researcher needs to consider whether a questionnaire or structured interview is more appropriate
5. 'If the interview schedule is too tightly structured this may not enable the phenomena under investigation to be explored in terms of either breadth or depth.

To do qualitative interviews,  use open-ended questions, avoid leading questions, probe issue in depth and let the informant lead.

The benefits and the loss of using it:

Advantages

• Subjects can be investigated in depth.
• Interviews are not limited to particular questions and can be redirected or guided by researchers in real time.
• The direction and framework of research can be revised quickly as soon as fresh information and findings emerge.
• Data is more powerful as it is research based on human experience
• Complexities and subtleties about the subjects of the research or the topic covered is usually missed by many positivistic inquiries.
• Data is usually gathered from few individuals or cases therefore findings and outcomes cannot be spread to larger populations. However, findings can be transferred to another setting.
• With this type of research, the researcher has a clear vision on what to expect. They collect data in a genuine effort of plugging data to bigger picture.

Disadvantages

• The quality of research is heavily dependent on the skills of the researcher and can be easilyinfluenced by personal idiosyncrasies and biases of researchers.
• Rigidity is more difficult to assess, demonstrate and maintain.
• The quantity of data makes interpretation and analysis time-consuming.
• This method is sometimes not accepted within scientific communities.
• The presence of researcher in the process of data gathering is unavoidable and can thereforeaffect or influence the responses of subjects.
• Personal confidential issues.

Conclusion

In-depth interviews can provide rich and in-depth information about the experiences of individuals. However, there are many different forms of qualitative research interviews as well as other types of qualitative research methods that can be used by health care investigators. It must also be recognized that many clinical questions are complex and investigators should perform a thoughtful analysis of all the possible methods that can be used to answer a research question. Increasingly, mixed methods in which both qualitative and quantitative approaches are integrated are needed to contribute to a rich and comprehensive study. Mixed methods can provide potentially rigorous and methodologically sound study designs in primary care, with qualitative approaches such as interviews being an integral component of an evolving study process that is responsive to emerging insights.

Focus Groups

Focus groups is a form of qualitative research that involves a group of selected individuals who freely discuss and share their opinion concerning a particular topic or issue (In-depth group interview).

The Use of it:

• For research relating to group norms, meanings and processes
• To collect group language to be used in later stages
• To clarify, extend, qualify or challenge date collected through other methods
• To feedback results to research participants

The use of focus groups is sometimes used when it is better to obtain information from a group rather than individuals.

Group interviews can be used when:

1. Limited resources (time, manpower, finances)
2. The phenomena being researched requires a collective discussion in order to understand the circumstances, behaviour or opinions
3. Greater insights may be developed of the group dynamic - or cause and consequence

Characteristics of a focus group:

1. Recommended size of the sample group is 6 - 10 people as smaller groups may limit the potential on the amount of information collected, and more may make it difficult for all participants to participate and interact and for the interviewer to be able to make sense of the information given
2. Several focus groups should be used in order to get a more objective and macro view of the investigation. i.e. focussing on one group may give you idiosyncratic results. The use of several groups will add to the breadth and depth of information. A minimum of three focus groups is recommended for best practice approaches
3. Members of the focus group should have something in common which is important to the investigation
4. Groups can either be put together or existing groups - it is always useful to be mindful of the group dynamics of both situations

The aim of the focus group is to make use of participants' feelings, perceptions and opinions

This method requires the researcher to use a range of skills:

1. group skills
2. facilitating
3. moderating
4. listening/observing
5. analysis

Conclusions

It is a good way to know what interviewers opinion and feedbacks, because in order to succeed on the research they have to ask and thing outside the box.

Comparisons

Qualitative interviews need 2 or more parties conversation. They usually last 30 minutes to one hour. It can be held in-person or over the phone. While for focus groups need a small group of 6-10  people on a specific topic, One facilitator and one note taker, and usually last one to two hours. But both have combination of predetermined questions and unscripted probes.

Qualitative interviews' strengths are the detailed information about personal feelings and opinions, high response rate, uncertainty and incomplete answers be clarified up-front, and interviewees are not influenced by others in the group.

Focus groups' strengths are the variety of responses and research input, less time and money consuming, direct interaction, group dynamics, data from illiterate population, and opportunity to seek clarifications.

Qualitative interviews' weakness are time consuming, different interviewers may understand and transcribe interviews in different ways, and it can reach high cost.

Focus groups' weakness are lack of confidentiality and anonymity, got issues with group dynamics, no control, contrived and misinterpretation is possible.

If both are discussing about certain topic, qualitative interviews may work better when a topic is very sensitive or volatile. While Focus groups can provide more thoughtful answers, based on the group hearing each other’s responses.

When it comes to time framing, qualitative interviews allow more flexibility in setting up interviews, rather than having to schedule a larger group of people. but for the focus groups, they work better when there are limited time frames.

For assisting, qualitative interviews need two people to do interviews and for focus groups: one facilitator and one note taker. Taping the focus groups is also recommended for ease.

For budget, tape recorder and transcription costs for qualitative interviews. Focus groups need incentives like free food, cash, entries in drawings.

Conclusions

Both Interviews and Focus groups are a form of exploratory research that can be used to gain insights regarding the problem or issues raised by understanding subjective motivations and opinions. Both methods helps and leads to the upcoming quantitative researches.

Content Analysis, Anthropology & Ethnography, and the Comparison

Content Analysis

It is defined as a systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding. Qualitative data capable to be converted into quantitative data.

Advantages

• It gathers useful informations from different aspects. For example; films, book contents, drawings and images.
• Low-price research method.
• No human contact.
• High ecological validity. (People will be writing about their real experience and feelings.)
• Easy to understand as everything is written down and it’s very straightforward.
• When it’s an excellent finish, it’s considered as relatively exact research.

Disadvantages

• Extremely time consuming.
• If the coding is done wrongly, the data gathered / findings are invalid.
• limited material available .
• It describes rather than explaining the reason behind it.(It is like explaining what, instead of why)
• The results of an analysis can be subjective opinions of an individual
• Increasing of errors when analysis is use to obtain a higher level of interpretation.

How to use this method?

There are questions that has to discussed: 

1. Which data are analyzed?
2. How are they defined?
3. What is the population from which they are drawn?
4. What is the context relative to which the data are analyzed?
5. What are the boundaries of the analysis?
6. What is the target of the inferences?

But problems can occur when documents are being assembled like this following:

• When a substantial number of documents from the population are missing, the content analysis must be abandoned
• Inappropriate records should be discarded, but a record should be kept of the reasons
• Some documents might match the requirements for analysis but just be cannot coded

Anthropology and Ethnology

Anthropology

It is a qualitative research method. It involves the study of media such as photography, film, art, music & dance. It studies the visual representations and its repercussions, so as a result it involves the study of cultures, relationships, humans, environments and societies. It is to understand, disseminate and analyse of visual forms.

Advantages

• Extremely detailed and in-depth
• Gives a lot of insight
• Sources are from the actual time period, increases accuracy

Disadvantages

• Extremely time consuming
• Ambiguous nature of sources and collected data
• Preference of written records over visual data

How to use this method?

• Identify the field study
• Develop questions as guidance
• Gather media resources/scout for photographs, videos, movements, paintings, articles etc.
• Thorough reading and understanding, cross-referencing
• Gather all necessary data
• Analysis of data
• Develop findings

Ethnology

It is qualitative research methods or process comes largely from the field of anthropology. This is where the art and science to define a group/culture. there will be no defined observation will be predicted and no ending point of the research. To conduct on-site or in a naturalistic setting in which real people live. In other words, learn from people from the inside.

Advantages

• It is personalized since you as the researcher are both observer and
• participant in the lives of those people
• Requires no expensive or elaborate tools or equipment
• Can be carried out almost at any place

Disadvantages

• Extremely time consuming
• Balancing the requirements of both participating and observing can be
• very difficult
• Ethical issues that may arise

How to use this method?

• Identify and locate a culture sharing group
• Choose cultural theme, issues or theories to study about
• Data collected within the context the culture group works or lives
• Ethnographer analyse the data collected from the group
• Come out with an overall interpretation
• Forge a holistic cultural portrait

After presentation last week, the lecturer gave us homework for Chinese New Year. The homework is movie viewing and she provided us some questions for us to answer. The movie I have to watched is James Cameron's Avatar. A good, long duration, and worth the time to watch movie. It's good thing the lecturer gave us this movie, or else I will get bored.

Questions and Answers about the movie viewing:

There are three (3) types of data collection methods in Field Studies. Intensive Interviewing, Group Interviewing and Observations.
1) In Intensive Interviewing, the person giving the information is called an ‘informant’. Name the ‘informant’ in the movie and explain how he/she shares information with the researcher.

Colonel Miles Quaritch –he omises Jake that the company will restore his legs if he gathers information about the Na'vi and the clan's gathering place.
intesive

Neytiri – introduce culture and society, teaching jake sully the way of the people, walk like them, live like them

Neytiri – Planning, asking

Jake Sully – Giving the information to colonel. Giving hope to the people that they have to fight against the sky people.

In Field Studies, there are four (4) types of researchers. Overt Participant Observer, Overt Non-Participant Observer, Covert Participant Observer and Covert Non-Participant Observer.
2) The researchers in the movie are overt observers. Name the character that is a participant observer and the one that is a non-participant observer. Describe how both of them collect information.
 Participant Observer
Jake Sully – try to learn the people. Send by colonel to gain trust, in order to make them move from home avoiding death.
 Non-participant observer
Grace – Try to connect with the people and blending in
Colonel – he doesn’t know Jake is choosing the other side.
Jake Sully – try to learn the people. Send by colonel to gain trust, in order to make them move from home avoiding death.
Dr. Norm Spellman – helping grace gathering sample
  Field Studies is a combination of emic and etic research.
3) In the movie, describe the kind of information gathered that can be constituted as emic/etic data

Etic
Grace and team gather info and military sees in their perspective
Jake sully as well before he understand the society

Emic
Grace and team see on their perspective
Jake sully become emic after he sees everything
 Data collection
Jake sully is vloging
Grace takes note

Formative and Summative Research

   Formative or Qualitative research is an exploration of the community in which an agency is situated and it helps agencies understand the interests, attributes and needs of the community. It is used to gain insight into the subject the project deals with and helps in problem identification and solving. It is essential in developing programs as well as improving existing and ongoing programs.

The advantages of formative research are:

• Knowledge develops more and more
• It provides quick feedback
• It can shows plans for the future
• It can achieve successful outcomes
• Improvement continuous as research keeps on adding

Formative research gives a lot resources and feedback. But there are disadvantages for this research method:

• Time consuming is one of the reasons of all the disadvantages
• Process can be exhausting
• Objectives collide
• Challenges are around the corner

There are 11 steps to conduct the formative research:

1. Identify the needs
2. Define the objectives
3. Recruit the respondents
4. Determine the number of the focused groups
5. Create the questions
6. Select a facilitator or interviewers
7. Develop a script
8. Choose a place 
9. Conduct in-depth interviews or focus the group discussions
10. Transcribe the interviews
11. Analyze the information

   Summative or conclusion research is an assessment of the participants focusing on the outcome of the certain program. It can be said as 'after the event' evaluation. Its data collects more objective and quantitative. This method are used to prove and judge. This method focused on the result not achievement

   There are few advantages about summative research, which is to simplified conclusion for every research conducted. Summative research is useful to compress every information into shorter version of the information, which rather called summary. Summary always appeared at the back of the novel books. When there are few advantages, a few disadvantages will sit beside them. Summative research is not that accurate as it seems because it doesn't show the exact results. Because of lack results, audience will not be able to receive every detail conducted. If it goes to novel books, readers curious and they are willing to buy them to know the answers.

  To conduct summative research:

• Conduct through surveys
• Do procedure step by step
• Set the goals clearly, then develop them in a suitable way
• Understand the targets clearly
• Have prior knowledge of the topic and that related to it
• If needs to conduct second test, revise the test by reflecting with the previous study
• conclude and predict what will happen in the near future according to the data analysis

Target Audience Profiling / Personas

   Target Audience Profiling / Personas is an assessment of the strengths and weakness of the current and potential competitors. It aims to establish a profitable and sustainable position against the forces that determine industry competition. 

   There are two main questions that can establish what makes the product or service unique.

• attractiveness of industries for long-term profitability and the factors that determines it
• determinants of relative competitive position within an industry

   Each sides have 4 main reasons of advantages and disadvantages:

   Advantages

• Provides greater understanding to find unnecessary info through the outcomes
• Have deep understanding of what the competitors are planning to improve and developing
• Predict the trends in the market and provide advantages to improve the product or service
• Know how to set the reasonable price by comparing the competitors

   Disadvantages

• Requires time a lot
• High cost
• Data interpret wrongly
• A chance of not succeeding

   To conduct the method:

• Conduct the research
• Gather the competitor's information
• Analyse the information
• Determined the competitor's information

What kind of research will support my graduation project?

Certain researches that can be used for my graduation project are Formative Research and Target Audience Profiling / Personas. Formative research: I can knowledge develops more, it provides quick feedback because since only half a month I need it as soon as possible. I need plans for the future and will it achieve successful outcome, and also I can improve continuous as research keeps on adding. Target Audience Profiling / Personas: I can understand what I need to know about the trends and audience's reactions, I can improve my research against the competitors. Information that I can get is how to make product that is on trend and how to compare the competitor get to the top.